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Fallacy, in logic, a term used to characterize an invalid argument.
Strictly speaking, it refers only to the transition from a set of premises
to a conclusion, and is distinguished from falsity, a value attributed
to a single statement. The laws of syllogisms were systematically
elaborated by Aristotle, and for an argument to be valid, it must
adhere to all the laws; to be fallacious, it need only break one
The term fallacy has come to be used in a somewhat
wider sense than the purely formal one. Informal fallacies are
said to occur when statements are ambiguous or vague as to
the logical form they represent, or when a multiplicity of meaning
is present and the validity of the argument depends on
switching meanings of a word or a phrase in midstream.
Related subjects for advanced study of the subject:
Ad hominem
Attacking Faulty Reasoning
Anecdotal evidence
Apophasis
Cogency
Cognitive bias
Demagogy
Fallacies of definition
False statement
Informal logic
Invalid proof
Paradox
Sophism
Soundness
Spurious relationship
Validity
Vacuous truth
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